Shah Jahan and the Golden Age of Mughal Architecture

Shah Jahan (1628–1658) ascended the throne after a succession conflict. His reign is often called the Golden Age of Mughal architecture, marked by massive construction projects and the peak of luxury.

The Taj Mahal

The most iconic monument, the Taj Mahal, was built at Agra as a mausoleum for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1631. Constructed over 22 years by a workforce of thousands, it is a masterpiece of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones, combining Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles. The principal architect is believed to be Ustad Ahmad Lahori.

Other Architectural Marvels

• Red Fort (Lal Qila): Built in Delhi (1639–1648) as the new imperial capital Shahjahanabad. Its imposing red sandstone walls enclose palaces like the Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khas, and Rang Mahal.
• Jama Masjid: The congregational mosque in Delhi, one of the largest in India, built in red sandstone and marble.
• Peacock Throne: A jewel-encrusted throne in the Diwan-i-Khas, said to cost more than the Taj Mahal; it was later taken by Nadir Shah in 1739.
• Other constructions include the Moti Masjid (Agra), Shalimar Gardens (Lahore), and the city of Shahjahanabad.

Administration and Economy

Though known for opulence, Shah Jahan’s reign also saw centralization of administration, expansion in the Deccan, and flourishing trade. European travelers like Tavernier and Bernier visited and left detailed accounts of the empire’s wealth.

However, heavy spending and the Deccan campaigns strained the treasury. A bitter war of succession among his sons in 1657–58, which ended with Aurangzeb’s victory, marred the end of his reign.