The Maratha Empire - Shivaji

Shivaji Bhonsle (1630–1680) founded the Maratha Empire in the Deccan, challenging Bijapur Sultanate and Mughal hegemony.

Early Life and Rise

Born at Shivneri Fort, Shivaji was influenced by his mother Jijabai and tutor Dadaji Kondadev. He began capturing forts: Torna (1645), Raigad, Pratapgad. He killed Afzal Khan, the Bijapuri general, in a famous encounter (1659). His raids into Mughal territory led to a conflict with Aurangzeb.

Conflict with the Mughals

Shaista Khan, Aurangzeb’s maternal uncle, was sent to subdue Shivaji but suffered a humiliating night attack in Pune (1663). Shivaji then sacked the wealthy port of Surat (1664). Lured to Agra, Shivaji was imprisoned by Aurangzeb but made a legendary escape (1666) hidden in fruit baskets.

Coronation and Administration

In 1674, Shivaji was crowned Chhatrapati at Raigad, formally establishing a sovereign Maratha kingdom. His administration was efficient:

• Ashtapradhan: Council of Eight Ministers (Peshwa, Senapati, Amatya, etc.)
• Revenue: Land tax (chauth – 1/4th of revenue from non-Maratha territories as protection money) and sardeshmukhi (additional 1/10th) formed the financial basis.
• Military: Well-organized army with swift cavalry and guerrilla tactics (ganimi kava), hill forts (over 300) strategically held.

Legacy

Shivaji is remembered not just as a warrior but as a just ruler who protected peasants, respected religious places, and built a secular administration. His resistance laid the foundation for the Maratha Empire that would later dominate much of India.