Ashoka's Dhamma in Kalinga
The Kalinga War transformed Ashoka’s worldview and led to the formulation of his policy of Dhamma — a code of conduct emphasizing non-violence, tolerance, compassion, and respect for all life. Kalinga, as the site of his greatest military victory and subsequent remorse, became a focal point for the implementation of Dhamma.
The Dhauli and Jaugada Edicts
Ashoka inscribed his messages of Dhamma on specially prepared rock surfaces at two key locations in Kalinga:
- Dhauli (near Bhubaneswar): The rock edict at Dhauli is notable for being a Separate Edict (Kalinga Edict I and II) specifically addressed to the Mahamatras (officials) of Tosali, the provincial capital of Kalinga. The edict urges officials to dispense justice impartially and to treat all subjects as their own children. The famous elephant sculpture carved above the inscription symbolizes the Buddha and royal power combined.
- Jaugada (Ganjam): Another set of Special Kalinga Edicts was found here, addressed to the Mahamatras of Samapa. These edicts reiterate the principles of Dhamma: concern for all beings, respect for elders and parents, and proper treatment of prisoners.
Principles of Dhamma in Kalinga
The Dhamma propagated in Kalinga was not specifically Buddhist doctrine but a universal ethical code. It included:
| Principle | Implementation |
|---|---|
| Non-violence (Ahimsa) | Restriction of animal sacrifices; ban on hunting for pleasure |
| Tolerance | Respect for Brahmins, Shramanas, and all sects |
| Welfare | Construction of hospitals for humans and animals, wells, and rest houses |
| Justice | Fair legal proceedings, reduction of harsh punishments |
Propagation of Buddhism
While Dhamma was universal, Ashoka personally embraced Buddhism and supported its spread. He patronized Buddhist monasteries and sent missionaries to various parts of India and beyond. A tradition holds that he visited Kalinga and patronized the construction of a stupa at Dhauli, believed to be the site of the famous Shanti Stupa (Peace Pagoda) built much later.
The impact of Ashoka’s Dhamma on Kalinga was lasting. It fostered a culture of religious pluralism and social welfare that would influence subsequent dynasties in the region, including the Mahameghavahanas and later rulers.