Bhaumakara Dynasty - Early Rulers
The Bhaumakara dynasty, also known as the Kara dynasty, ruled over a large part of Odisha from approximately the mid-8th century to the early 10th century CE. They are notable for being the first dynasty in the region where women rulers played a prominent role and for their rich legacy of temple construction and Buddhist patronage.
Origins and the Bhauma-Kara Legend
The name “Bhaumakara” combines Bhauma (earth) and Kara (maker), essentially meaning “earth-makers” or “rulers of the earth.” Their inscriptions claim descent from a mythical king Virabhadra, who was born from the union of the god Shiva and the earth goddess Bhumi. The dynasty began with Kshemankaradeva, who is said to have established the kingdom.
Chronology of Early Rulers
| Ruler | Approximate Reign | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Kshemankaradeva | c. 736–750 CE | Founder; first ruler |
| Sivakaradeva I (Unmattasimha) | c. 750–780 CE | Expansion and consolidation |
| Subhakaradeva I | c. 780–800 CE | First major builder |
| Sivakaradeva II | c. 800–815 CE | Continuation of policies |
Administration and Capital
The Bhaumakaras established their capital at Guhadeva-pataka (identified with modern Jajpur, also called Viraja). Jajpur became a thriving urban centre and a hub of religious and cultural activity. The administrative system was elaborate, with ministers bearing titles like Mahamantrin, Mahasandhivigrahin, Mahasenapati, and others. The kingdom was divided into mandalas, vishayas, and khandas.
Relations with Neighbouring Powers
The early Bhaumakaras maintained diplomatic relations with the Pala empire of Bengal and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan. Some Bhaumakara princesses were married into the Pala royal family. The dynasty also had to contend with the aggressive expansion of the Rashtrakutas under Govinda III, who may have raided parts of Kalinga in the early 9th century.
Religious Atmosphere
The Bhaumakaras were eclectic in their religious patronage. While adherents of Brahmanical Hinduism (particularly Shaivism and Shaktism), they also generously supported Buddhism. Jajpur emerged as a major centre of the Vajrayana school of Buddhism. The famous Ratnagiri and Udayagiri (not to be confused with the Udayagiri hills of Bhubaneswar) monastic complexes flourished under Bhaumakara patronage.
The Bhaumakara period set the stage for the remarkable efflorescence of temple architecture and religious literature that would characterize Odisha in the subsequent Somavamsi and Ganga periods.